Correlation Between Petrographic and Physico-Mechanical Variables of Basalts of the Parana Magmatic Province

Bruno Nagalli
Student, Geology Academic Department, The Federal University of Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil. e-mail: brunonagalli@hotmail.com

Eleonora Maria Gouvea. Vasconcellos
Professor, Geology Academic Department, The Federal University of Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil. e-mail: eleonora@ufpr.br

André Nagalli
Professor, Civil Construction Academic Department, The Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. e-mail: nagalli@utfpr.edu.br

The western region of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina underlies its mining activities in the supply of raw materials to base civil construction. The main highlight are crushed volcanic rock rock. The characterization of this aggregate is normally determined by petrographic and physico-mechanical tests. The purpose of this work was to guage the correlation between the petrographic and physical-mechanical characteristics of basalts of the Paraná Magmatic Province within the western states of Paraná and Santa Catarina. The degree of correlation between the variables could be notice by the linear correlation methodology of Pearson, the interpretation of scatter diagrams and the Spearman correlation method to investigate. The physical-mechanical variables used consisted of the Los Angeles abrasion indices, durability, water absorption and density. The texture of phenocrysts and/or matrix influence of linear and positively with moderate correlation of the physical-mechanical results of abrasion la and sturdiness. The Los Angeles abrasion is additionally affected non-linearly by the share of obsidian replaced by mineral and also the celadonite moderate means. The results also showed that the sturdiness values square measure influenced by the share of mineral volcanic rock and within the presence of minerals like quartz and volcanic glass replaced by mineral. The density is correlated moderately by volcanic glass and % of iron hydroxide and water absorption suffers influences the share of mineral, epidote and quartz by the product of the sum of secondary minerals of the rock. The other secondary minerals and oligoclase established that there's no vital correlation between them and also the physical and mechanical variables. The research results square measure necessary for the evolution of scientific information during this space, for the construction industry to boost the understanding of the combination reasoning parameters, speed in the exploring techniques during which knowing the petrographic variables can estimate the results of physical and mechanical tests and reducing prices of physical-mechanical tests..

The petrographic and physical-mechanical analyzes are essential for characterizing aggregates, the study of the correlation between these properties and guide the improvement of analytical techniques and noesis about the basalts. The aim of this study is to determine the degree of correlation between these properties, using as a basis the petrographic analysis of survey knowledge and results of physical and mechanical tests of basalts of the Paraná Magmatic Province. The construction industry in Brazil presently growing volume of demand for raw materials (DA PAZ et al., 2014) resulting in a right away impact on the mining of aggregates. Despite the national geological favourability for these materials, factors such as the shortage of geological information of the deposit, the low sales figures and high operating prices of transport, disassemble and prospect will derail tilling. This work is justified in search of higher analytical and prognosticative techniques, the use of proven scientific strategies for the characterization of aggregates and positive impact on the assembly of aggregates system primarily based construction. This work is based on the hypothesis of a powerful correlation between the petrographic variables of volcanic rock and alternative rock sorts within the results of the physical analysis of Health / sturdiness, Abrasion Los Angeles, D'água Absorption and Density. Aimed at determining the degree of correlation victimization applied mathematics strategies like linear correlation methodology of Pearson, nonlinear Spearman, and interpretation of results along the lines of earth science reasoning..

The use of volcanic rock as combination for construction is wide better-known considering that many authors have studied the utilization of basalt and their properties as combination for numerous construction jobs. The results of mechanical and physical tests show that, when compared with alternative rocks to combination, basalt has low abrasion indices Los Angeles, durability and water absorption, and high levels in uniaxial compression test and density. The pioneering work of JUDD and HUBER (1961), D'ANDREA et al. (1965); DEERE and Miller (1966), BROTH and Franklin (1972), Bieniawski (1975), Michalopoulos et al (1976) Barbour et al. (1979) FAHY et al (1979), HASSANI et al. (1980), GUNSALLUS and KULHAWY (1984), Hawkins and McConnell (1991), TSIDZI (1991), Shakoor and BONELLI (1991), Bell (1978), BARBOUR et al. (1979) FAHY AND GUCCIONE (1979), HOWARTH AND Rowlands (1984), and Shakoor BONELLI (1991), demonstrate that petrographic parameters influence the mechanical strength of the rock. More recently, GHANBARI et al. (2008) investigated the relation between the Los Angeles index and particle breakage criterion of rockfill though series of large-scale direct shear and triaxial tests. From these works other researchers tried to determine that square measure the foremost vital petrographic properties. Specific studies in sandstones OLLSON (1974) and ULUSAY et al. (1994) show that the mechanical properties can be full of petrographic characteristics like size and form of the mineral, degree of compaction, distance between grains, the contact type, amount and sort of cement and / or the matrix and also the mineralogical composition and these properties may be simply measured within the laboratory and square measure sometimes determined throughout the studies of skinny sections. BRACE (1961) and FAHY E GUCCIONE (1979) studied the effect of grain size on mechanical properties of sandstones, and have concluded that in general, the rock strength is greater the smaller the grains that square measure and also the smaller the common size, the higher the ultimate indexes. FAHY E GUCCIONE (1979) observed that the roundness is reciprocally proportional to the compressive strength and that it shows a better correlation between each alternative petrographic properties. However HOWARTH and Rowlands (1986) propose that the rock texture is a issue of moderate correlation (0,30≤ρ<;0.60) with different mechanical properties. The research BROCH (1984) and Haraldson (1984) demonstrate that metamorphic rocks are automatically a lot of fragile than magmatic rocks. Attach the mechanical weakness to the fact that mineral recrystallization offer easier chemical bonds and weaker than the first links of magmatic rocks. ONODERA and ASOKA KUMARA (1980) and ZHAOPING et al (2006) report that in igneous rocks compressive strength decreased considerably as the size of minerals will increase and also the resistance force is additionally extremely suffering from the modification and weathering method. The authors come to the determination of a linear correlation between the size and strength of the minerals. However, these authors did not use a similar sorts of physical and mechanical tests for the analysis, with a predominance of approach in the uniaxial compression strength tests. For the Los Angeles abrasion tests are found articles that assess the correlation, since the use of the sort of rock, to the petrographic analysis. AL-BAIJAT (2008) evaluated responses to the use of basaltic rock once subjected to abrasion take a look ats la and Uniaxial Compression and concrete test samples, and has proven its superior quality to carbonate rocks. SELMER-OLSEN (1949), HORVLI (1988) and NLSUND (1988) proposed that the mineral habit influences the Los Angeles abrasion testing, showing that fibrous minerals indicate higher rates, and the change of the prismatic mineral in fibrous mineral additionally contributes to increasing the index. The Brattli article (1992) is a work guide for this research, which establishes the degree of influence of geologic factors on basic igneous rocks in mechanical properties of abrasion Los Angeles sturdiness and impact resistance. The author makes use of statistical ways embodied as linear correlation and regression analysis almost like this analysis. the results presented by Brattli (1992) purpose out that there's a robust correlation (R ² = zero.66) between percentage of mineral rocks and the results of abrasion la. In the durability testing it's all over that the granulometry presents parametric statistic = zero.72 R² being the geologic issue larger mechanical interference with the contents. Finally the work is also necessary applied math issues indicate that once 2 or a lot of petrographic variables square measure correlative, the statistical estimation techniques square measure unable to assess their effects severally.

The study area of this work is set geologically in Paraná matter Basin, a vast South yank intracratonic basin, fully developed on continental crust and stuffed with matter and volcanic rocks, whose ages range between the Silurian and the Cretaceous. It covers an space of regarding one,700,000 km2, extending 1.100.000km2 by Brazil, Paraguay with one hundred,000 km2, and Argentina with 400,000 km2 (ZALÁN et al. 1987), and has an elongated form in the nor'-nor'-east direction South and southwest with about 1750 klick long and average breadth of 900 klick. Two-thirds of the Brazilian portion (734,000 km2) are coated by volcanic rock volcanic rock flows reaching up to 1700 meters thick, whose rocks are the subject of this work. According to ALMEIDA (1981), the evolution of the Paraná Basin took place in four stages. The first 2 comprise 2 complete cycles in a very sinforme tectonossedimentaries basin subsidence method and also the last 2 involving uplift and extrusion of enormous volumes of tholeiitic volcanic rock, intrusive bodies and differentiated correspondentes. In the final cycle, called Supersequence Gondwana III, developed the Paraná Magmatic Province (PMP), also known as igneous province Continental Paraná-Etendeka. According MELFI et al. (1988) PMP has its onset associated with rupture of the western portion of the continent Gondwana during the first Cretaceous. Characterized by representing one of the most important volcanic basalts provinces of the earth (LIPs) and is expounded to intense stonetism generating great amount of magma caused by a mantle plume, according to O'CONNOR et al. (1990), GALLAGHEr and HAWKESWORTH (1994); MARQUES and ERNESTO (2004). As reported ARIOLI et al. (2013), installation of the Paraná Basin on the South American platform, this model has been confirmed by several studies tectonic and paleogeographic. Among the hypotheses concerning the origin of the formation of the watershed is the Fulfaro et al. (1982), describing that the Paraná Basin originated as a aulacogen with a epicontinental channel of the wide graben type and with nice persistence over geological time. Another hypothesis derived from those of MILANI and RAMOS (1998), proposing that the Paraná Basin originated as Associate in Nursing open gulf to the ocean Panthalassa and preceded by an intracratonic depression cornered within the Gondwana.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The bibliographical analysis involves understanding the variables inherent in the method. The search for information was divided into 3 general lines. First we have a tendency to selected the literature review below the studied rock sorts. The works that span the basalts of Paraná Magmatic Province study are constant target by many authors, and the most up-to-date studies point to a nonuniformity of rock sorts and lift totally different theories regarding the origin of those rocks. The second line aimed at a comprehensive understanding of the execution of physical and mechanical testing process. Although the tests square measure standardized according to international standards and national techniques, knowledge of the analytical method contributes to the determination of the potential variables that have an effect on the analysis of the correlation. Knowing that there are many factors that will influence the result of a take a look at {is potential|is feasible} to substantiate the hypothesis or assess possible errors. Finally, the third line, which needs a lot of attention, comes to the statistical correlation calculation. In choosing the applied math correlation technique targeted on the study of mathematical ways enshrined in statistics and earth science, which command correlations similar to this however with alternative variables. The literature and the contextualization of the add time provide grounds for the event of alternative stages. This work was favored by partnering with mining companies, who kindly ceded a heap of geologic data, space and geologic samples, petrographic samples, including hand samples, petrographic blades and drill core, and laboratory order with the provision of physical and mechanical tests reports. Altogether 72 petrographic skinny sections were obtained and their reports of physical-mechanical and geologic description, yet low-quality samples and dubious rootage reports were discarded ensuing in the employment of forty six samples. The set composed of the obtained information information, which was used as a basis for the development of this work. Complementary field surveys helped in understanding and gathering new information and samples for analysis. Petrographic Analysis This study presents the use of laboratorial procedures description blades, in order to get petrographic information, the data were reworked into variable for the applied math correlation. The collection of samples for petrographic analysis determined the geologic conditions of every web site. The areas of sampling consist of quarries distributed within the Third Plateau of Paraná and Santa Catarina. Altogether 46 samples square measure delineated in the field that were delineated and created their blades. The standards DNER 006/94 establishes the petrographic analysis method, both microscopic and macroscopic, employees of rocky materials used in construction. The roster includes the large study in hand samples, and microscopic in thin sections. The approach adopted method consisted at the start in the take a look at sieving of rock minerals being disbursed by comparison the sizes of grains and measure ruler connected to the magnifier itself. Visual estimates were made in order to separate the foremost disparate particle sizes between phenocrysts and matrix. Some phenocrysts were measured separately and compared in order to get a mean worth. The petrographic analysis focused on the description and quantification of the characteristics that might become correlative variables, with them, the particle size of the phenocrysts and matrix and mineral percentage of felspar, pyroxene, volcanic glass, opaque minerals (metallic), Obsidian cloritizated, quartz, sericite , epidote, chlorite, clay minerals, hydroxides Irons, Apatite, celadonite, Carbonates and Zeolites. The biggest concern of petrographic description was initially determinative the mineral composition and visual estimation of the various percentages. In order to attenuate the visual estimation errors, minerals have been described in five-hitter ranges. In cases where the presence of bound mineral was delineated as incidence of strokes, ie less than five-hitter and larger than 1/3, it adopted the percentage of twenty-two so as to facilitate future applied math correlation. In order to validate the visual estimates and to attenuate errors in determining the mineral grain size and share. We opted for the choice of 10 totally different samples that fashions share and particle size were calculable. Then we used the sew numeration device coupled to the petrographic magnifier and were determined quantitatively, the percentage values of every mineral blades. The result proved that the employment of the operating procedure of the visual estimation technique ensures the standard of the results is also determined by visual estimates of mineral particle size and percentages for the employment of a applied math correlation. The main minerals found within the samples were Pyroxene with preponderantly mineral, the plagioclase with a predominance of Labradorean minerals opaque to the magnifier slide because the incidence of argentiferous minerals (magnetite) and volcanic rock. The sum of these minerals is in samples collected regarding eightieth of the overall. The rest of the minerals that occur within the sampled basalt square measure the secondary minerals originated in numerous geologic processes, namely: Obsidian cloritizated, epidote, iron hydroxide, chlorite, celadonite, quartz, zeolite, and carbonates. Data were compiled into tables synthesis, which were used as petrographic variables in order to facilitate applied math correlation. Physical and Mechanical Tests The results of the Los Angeles abrasion test, durability, water absorption and density were compiled in summary tables and associated with petrographic samples. The Los Angeles abrasion test is nominative by the standards NBR-6465/1984 NM51 / 2001 DNER Pine Tree State 035/1998 and ASTM C-131. Conceptually the test technique measures a material's wear by abrasion and impact between the customary steel balls that rotate in a very barrel. It refers to the wear suffered by the fabric when placed within the machine "Los Angeles" with Associate in Nursing abrasive charge and subjected to variety of revolutions of this machine at a speed of thirty rev to thirty three rev. The actual density setting is that the ratio of the dry mass of mixture and solid equal volume, including pores rubber. The rules governing this sort of test square measure DNER Pine Tree State 194/98, NBR 9937/02, ASTM D4052 and NBR 53/03. The water absorption test consists in calculate the share comparison the mass of the distinction of the out of doors sample and dry by its mass of dry sample. Therefore, it provides the degree of water absorbed in the sample in its state. The rules governing this sort of test square measure NBR 9937/02, ASTM D4052 and NBR 53/03. Statistical Analysis Of Correlation After compilation of petrographic information and physical-mechanical tests in outline tables, began the processing of data point information analysis. Due to the big volume of knowledge, we tried to optimize the calculation of applied math correlation with pc programs specific to the subject. A literature search revealed that free code known as BioEstat version five.3 is best suited for this work. Initially, in the early stages of study of the correlation variables were subjected to correlational statistics. The spurious correlation was given considering the geological reasoning and data of procedures for laboratory testing. The results underpin the work steps .After alternative the variables to be used and compliance with the criteria needed by correlational statistics applies the Pearson correlation technique. As the results indicate, several individual variables or combined (sum of 2 variables or more) were used for the calculation. The method utilized consisted in selecting a petrographic variable of all information samples and their various variables of physical and mechanical tests that were launched in own tables BioEstat five.3 software. The Pearson correlation analysis results in different coefficients that square measure classified in line with the factors of CALLEGARI-JACQUES (2003), and at the end categorical the degree of correlation of variables. Were also generated Scatter Diagrams that aid in the understanding of the model in confirming the degree of correlation, the graphical distribution of indexes and assessing the linearity of the dispersion of results. In cases where it was determined that the distribution of correlation coefficients failed to occur in a very linear fashion, or that the volume of pairs analyzed was lean for understanding the correlation of behavior, we opted for the use of the Spearman correlation technique.

Database Analysis

Initially deciphering the results the study was conducted of the information in order to know the distribution and sampled amplitude. Samples of physical and mechanical tests were ranked in order of skyrocketing worth and diagrammatically compared to the amount of samples. In the graphical analysis it had been observed that though the distribution of the samples among the overall vary, where abrasion Los Angeles, durability and water absorption corresponding sample values occur while not gaps. In the case of the overall amplitude density distribution of the samples graphically is little because of the lithological monotony. Yet it will be understood that the information has near ideal state of affairs sampling distribution of physical-mechanical results, enabling employment in applied math correlation for this job.Petrographically the database has characteristics of mineral share and intrinsic grain size to lithotype delineated  as volcanic rock by autoimmune disease MAITRE (1989).

Results Interpretation

In the early stages of labor were evaluated all the variables in line with the concepts of correlational statistics whose results indicate for the geologic risk of correlation and so the continuation of the analysis. The results obtained using the linear correlation coefficients of Pearson showed moderate positive correlation (higher than zero.3) between the grain size of the matrix (0.5430) and phenocrysts (0.4336) and the wear results by abrasion la. Mineral percentages in the linear correlation calculations of Pearson were significant for volcanic glass cloritizated with positive coefficients of zero.6083 proving the strong correlation ((higher than zero.6) between variables. The celadonite showed moderate association with negative correlation coefficient of zero.3155 

In the analysis of scatter diagrams for the la Abrasion variable confirmed the trend of correlation between variables. There is the distribution of the samples in an exceedingly non aligned because the ideal pattern of correlation, however, is composing a distribution trend orientation, where the set of samples expresses the main orientation.

Interpreting the Scatter Diagrams conjointly found that the distribution of samples for volcanic glass cloritizated and the celadonite couldn't be linearly. To prove the non-linearity we used the calculation of Spearman's correlation. The results of the correlation coefficients were greater than the Pearson technique. Therefore calculations and scatter plots show that there is sturdy nonlinear degree of correlation to the volcanic glass cloritizated (0.7145) and moderate for samples containing celadonite (-0342).

The other variables of mineral proportion numerically categorical coefficient of correlation of but zero.3 being thus weak linear correlation. The same may be said for the calculations by Spearman technique. However the observation of Scatter Diagrams the incidence of iron hydroxide noteworthy. The linear correlation coefficient of Pearson calculated exposes associate quantity of -0.1147 weak correlation, but the interpretation of dispersion diagram reveals a trend of moderate non-linear negative correlation.

The obtained results meet the initial expectations of geological lines of reasoning with the tendency that the larger the amendment quantity of minerals and secondary higher can be the la Abrasion rates. Also interpret that the larger the particle size is larger mineral abrasive wear.

Linear Pearson Correlation method for sturdiness exhibited the same behavior of the la Abrasion. The degree of correlation between particle size of phenocrysts and the matrix obtained moderate coefficient of correlation being 0.4496 and 0.6322 respectively. The correlations between mineral percentages and durability tests reveal that the mineral has moderate positive linear correlation of zero.3532 and minerals quartz and obsidian cloritizated ar powerfully related to. The obsidian cloritizated showed a positive correlation constant of zero.7862, however, due to low number of sample pairs opted for the calculation by Spearman's technique, but the result was less communicative  zero.6004. In the analysis of the scattergram interprets the linearity trend within the distribution of samples that ends up in conclusion positive linear correlation between variables.

The quartz in linear determination by the method of Pearson features a indirect correlation constant of -0.8958. Due to the quantity of samples with occurrence of quartz be but thirty (= 4), and the analysis of the dispersion diagram, was calculated using Spearman's technique that determines the worth of -0.9487 with negative coefficient and terribly sturdy correlation doesn't -linear.

The most significant ends up in Pearson's correlation calculation for density contains mineral percentages of volcanic rock and iron hydroxide. The numerical results of Zeolite (-0.4324) showed moderate negative linear correlation however these results were discarded due to solely 2 samples experiencing this mineral. The volcanic glass obtained moderate negative linear correlation with value -0.3483 and iron hydroxide value of zero.3069 with moderate negative linear correlation. The Scatter Diagrams for these two minerals will not favor conclusive interpretations of the degree of correlation between the variables. The correlation between the density and particle size and other minerals percentages expressed degree of correlation weak conclusion to these variables didn't influence the ultimate results of the mass specific. The sum of secondary minerals showed negative linear correlation constant of -0.4456 being classified as moderate. The dispersion diagrams follow the trend calculations by the Pearson method.

The initial hypothesis of this study suggested that petrographic components influence on the result of physical and mechanical tests. Petrographic variables used in mineral particle size and percentage is also taken because the most important in characterizing the samples for this study since they'll be simply measured and quantified. The use of statistical strategies was provided the correlation of earth science variables, making possible the execution of the work. The results show that some petrographic variables being the most significant particle size and mineral proportion of mineral, Obsidian cloritizated, epidote, iron hydroxide, chlorite, celadonite and quartz influence the analytical results of abrasion Los Angeles, durability, density and water absorption. It is noteworthy that although some secondary minerals and alteration occur in but 2 hundredth within the basalts the results of physical tests ar considerably stricken by these variables. Pearson correction calculations show that the grain size of phenocrysts and matrix influence the physical-mechanical results of abrasion Los Angeles and sturdiness despite the moderate correlation (coefficient between 0.3 and 0.6). The pyroxene documented moderate linear correlation with the sturdiness, in disagreement with previous studies that said these minerals solely affected the la abrasion. The scatter diagrams were fundamental for understanding the behavior of association between variables. The graphics led to each interpretations, as the degree of correlation of the linearity or nonlinearity trends. Where the technique of Pearson discovered graphical trend knowledge destruction arched shapes, we used the Spearman technique. This method in some cases enlarged by the correlation constant proving the non-linear distribution of correlation between the variables. According to the lines of initial geological reasoning, it was expected that the sum of the amounts of secondary minerals were powerfully correlative with the la Abrasion variables and sturdiness. However the results solely indicate the existence of correlation to variable water absorption. Other correlations were in isolated variables, such as the case of cloritizated obsidian and celadonite, resulting in the linear correlation, nonlinear or non existence of correlation.Other secondary minerals from rocks and felspar tried that there is no important correlation between them and therefore the physical and mechanical variables. Finally fulfilled the initial goal of the analysis at the time that the expected results were achieved by the projected technique. The research results ar necessary for the evolution of scientific data during this space for the development trade to enhance the understanding of mixture illation parameters, speed in the forward-looking techniques during which knowing the petrographic variables will estimate the results of Physical and mechanical testing and reducing prices of physical and mechanical tests. The results of this search can not be accustomed accurately estimate the ultimate results of physico-mechanical tests, since the degree of correlation between the variables found are not classified as terribly sturdy and might be different variables that influence the last word outcome of Physical and mechanical tests.

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